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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 0 K5 X4 l9 a$ l8 l1 n
. Z7 z7 \: L) T" `天朝博弈史
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) Q0 R0 e, W( Z! |博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
$ n0 k- H0 l4 c/ E/ x+ ^许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
2 C& v4 P2 P4 [/ D7 }+ w# D1 `《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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1 T% [9 ^2 J7 w% r' f. s' ?→春秋战国
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. E Q9 j- w# u1 D《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
, n0 a1 x) R8 e0 H, \《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 1 j2 \+ l x. { o( K
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 5 [' x+ o9 Z/ \5 o+ i5 }+ o$ x
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。' @$ l1 R" o( o' g2 ]; D& ?: z
, S7 p1 V- [3 S) y* y《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 * Y7 {5 t1 _( \+ H2 g
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→汉朝, C. K0 I$ F# j& i' v
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛- y+ t- u& M3 Q. G' k; |4 ^
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晋朝
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" k0 A* q7 B2 ~7 o- _东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝: Q4 V/ h c1 e% d2 w6 M& V8 l: p4 _8 d
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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8 K, C; J$ z+ k5 {. W$ F- u1 a# `* X宋朝( u7 c0 A. X4 q/ n
+ f r5 G/ X9 g- |北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 4 l6 K& P1 T8 o- D( `
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。 X" U1 H6 n; G5 c O
+ i1 D6 O4 Z g5 R7 Q3 Q6 h《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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$ ^" d6 L0 x8 R1 I辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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6 D& z5 e( U X+ m明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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- p& a+ j' ?% l9 i5 L4 c3 b清朝/ Z. r- D1 _4 Z6 X
# n* z6 l [1 B; G; D! {
《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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0 B% u+ j3 p6 l/ ~康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。0 p& B2 z' _ G; J+ q& }: ~
4 T2 I8 o: Q0 ]) H$ G- z清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” $ Z1 O1 J0 A7 w9 y
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。: {9 A! u, l" S* N# ^6 D- }( [4 v
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 ) h4 n' k# r4 s2 h! a
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。. N- Y7 [1 q$ ~" v5 r4 B
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
% b: p- z/ C5 F1 A. R- A吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”9 L: ~1 {. u7 [! b
$ Y- u& f0 i9 @7 N, ~: x9 V光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” " L$ M$ O3 E7 s
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4 ^5 o- }" Y& k5 C; r* l中华民国( u. x' W9 {4 V* G' z& |
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 6 [( [4 V$ C9 x! t4 w" M7 f
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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