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天朝博弈史' u: S% _8 o V% j; ^' t" _
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 # S2 p: t8 {2 L( r4 X" u
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
* Y1 ?& U' Z- A" f《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 - L! g p/ x& [1 s3 g. _# }' j
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→春秋战国3 ]6 ]: |0 z5 u( v# p5 F
& [1 u6 o/ r5 g' I2 N; I《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 9 k T, _( `5 U
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 % L T! r! p6 S, _- n. I. q8 ~" |
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” ! l# E+ [' T4 K% O# t3 r- b3 R
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ' C& ^$ x5 K$ @1 T. l* W/ W
! ~: ^2 b7 b |! A! Y& {
→汉朝
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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→/ p. a* ?! ]% ~, B2 t4 T7 v: r# O" u
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晋朝) u/ C6 X9 h# {) b
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” . X z9 @' X0 D+ e$ n, A
→
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8 Q5 N3 L) N! M! D/ w+ c6 N' ^唐朝
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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; y+ F/ S( {# Y- M宋朝: v" t; [$ n! y A7 R
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 $ Q+ Z( r: n- O h$ s1 x
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。3 V$ h! ~, _0 G: H4 e
3 k, e3 D& b, c; B/ \! ]
《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”8 `% z+ s! o8 Q2 g: C" a
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* G# {% r0 S/ o) e明朝
5 G9 K4 B( y& s2 x2 ^. k! s+ D4 D; j) j& s$ g) |+ D4 g
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
! _# f5 J5 s$ y* D6 }( u: H
! g* X6 x0 N( T- U5 f" {: r: v→
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) B" W* L* W# Y5 o0 }4 T清朝4 ~2 j" K$ G& O1 a
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
1 j1 \' a0 j# j3 [* `) W6 y- M. G. k0 q
康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 : D, b0 S8 Z$ t$ j# \/ M& M
6 a: r9 R; j3 H0 f: k
雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” " v+ s6 ^$ n& r* H3 e8 o6 P
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。5 B/ B" _% V2 d5 d Z. ` ~: K
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 2 W* H0 [3 K! v) Q
7 n$ x+ U# q3 N6 k汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 1 ?& \# y8 e$ N5 W3 \$ g8 R1 ]# ]
6 V+ Q6 i4 k) F4 [7 p同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。/ F+ O- K8 q% V& G8 R& m5 R2 y
2 J; s" W! a, P5 Z0 M) I张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 0 s6 s6 W) }: m/ t4 P
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
4 J; h- D, R# s0 L1 A" e1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” / y# S3 R1 @3 @3 W; ^
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