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随着“双碳”目标的推进,企业碳信息的重要性日益突出,真实公允的碳信息需求推动了碳信息审计业务的发展。不过,碳信息审计面临着碳排放监测核算技术繁琐、碳信息集成困难、可视化不足等问题,而利用区块链技术进行数据的全流程确权,预计能够大大提升碳信息审计的质量和效率。
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( h. N# }, W9 V3 B& W) o, Z( v4 i第一,区块链技术可以用于企业碳排放数据的全流程监测与记录。
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' F- a- V& O( z6 d' ^0 }一方面,区块链的数据层能够保障碳排放数据的安全存储与责任落实。企业生产环节的碳排放参数借助各项探测技术获得,通过多个传感器被实时传送至数据层,进行封装存储;区块链体系中时间戳、Merkle树、非对称加密和哈希函数等技术点,确保了数据的可追溯性和不可篡改性;同时企业各部门需要在区块链节点上注册,负责数据的存储和验证,同时要求在每个板块都要写入生产负责人、碳信息披露人、项目管理人、生产项目、碳排放预算、实际碳排放等信息,使项目的每个环节都可以追溯到责任人。
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5 v d. n- ], ^2 W0 I- x+ R4 B另一方面,区块链的网络层和共识层能够实时跟踪监管企业的碳信息披露。区块链网络层会对企业碳数据进行验证,若企业的碳排放信息不符合政府发布的碳排放项目信息披露机制和规定细则,则验证不通过,交回整改;同时在共识层中通过分布式一致性技术和数据验证机制实现在不同节点对数据达成高效共识。
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综上,区块链的链式结构有利于对企业碳排放数据的全流程监测和记录,将符合各项标准的企业真实碳排放数据存储下来,为碳审计证据的获取及其真实有效性提供保障。
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4 G D5 v" v/ z3 n. I& y* u6 O第二,区块链技术可以用于取证和跟踪企业的碳交易流程。
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一方面,将企业的碳配额和历史碳交易数据存储在区块链中,不同节点互相连接,能够形成一个完整的数据链条。技术人员可以建立标准化的数据接口,通过节点数据的读取实时获取被审计单位更新的碳交易内容,同时借助数据链条获取每次碳交易的上下游信息。
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- @4 M2 i! y7 q0 {# ^$ m6 b: ~( l另一方面,利用区块链的链式存储结构可实现多信息系统交互。审计人员可以借助区块链技术将被审计单位的碳信息系统与环保、金融等机构的信息系统实现交互,将有关信息存储至区块链上,实时动态核查是否存在异常的碳交易信息和交易数据更改痕迹。同时结合实时预警系统,可以取证和跟踪企业的碳交易流程,及时发现漏洞,防范舞弊风险。 ( ^6 R1 ?3 r' Z0 i$ \
; R& k; [) S6 ]' t$ T综上,对碳审计而言,一方面借助区块链技术的去中心化和可追溯的优势,能够大大降低数据被篡改的发生率,保留数据完整性,碳信息高度的透明和开放能够显著提高碳审计证据的有效性;另一方面区块链技术对数据的实时搜集和预警机制可以帮助审计师实现实时的碳信息追踪,提升碳审计的质量和效率。
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第三,区块链技术可以解决碳审计抽样偏差,极大降低碳审计风险。 2 ?8 X$ Z3 d: W* u- L( l$ d4 O6 {
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重点排放企业的碳信息十分庞杂,传统的审计抽样思维隐藏着大量碳排放数据被忽视、有价值的数据未获取的风险。区块链技术的时间戳机制保证了其不可篡改性,可提供稳定的审计线索,保障碳审计人员可以获取被审计单位的全部数据,减少由样本推断总体带来的偏差。
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* U" z) B/ v0 D) w0 e$ P/ }7 g区块链技术与人工智能、云计算、大数据等审计技术的配合使用,能够从总体上进行数据分析和数据挖掘,将存储于区块链中的大量数据释放出来,帮助审计师从构建模型中发现碳审计核心问题,进行精确延伸取证,从而实现碳审计目标。 * H. i; `: c' b1 q% ?8 o# x
8 P7 H/ R- v# k/ L综上,碳信息审计人员借助区块链技术可以从大量繁杂的抽样取证工作转向数据分析工作,有效克服碳信息审计的抽样偏差,降低重点排放企业的碳审计风险。
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作者单位系西北工业大学管理学院,西北工业大学新时代企业高质量发展研究中心
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来源:每日经济新闻
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: s; f$ b( r6 U h来源:金色财经 |
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