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近年来,江苏省南京市玄武区检察院办理涉虚拟货币犯罪案件7件,涉及比特币、泰达币等虚拟货币类型,罪名包括受贿罪、盗窃罪以及掩饰、隐瞒犯罪所得罪等。基于虚拟货币的匿名性、科技性和便捷性,涉虚拟货币犯罪呈现出发现难、取证难、证明难的特点,严重危害国家安全、损害实体经济、冲击外汇管制、影响社会稳定。司法机关在办理涉虚拟货币犯罪案件过程中面临犯罪主体难锁定、犯罪手段难确定、涉案资金去向难追踪、电子数据难取证等诸多困境。玄武区检察院从取证方向、行为定性、犯罪数额等三个方面总结办案经验,为涉虚拟货币犯罪案件高质效办理提供可参照样本。 一是适时介入侦查,精准锚定虚拟货币犯罪取证方向。由于虚拟货币交易去中心化、匿名化、全球化的特点,犯罪分子利用虚拟货币地址类似“水房”账号模式,通过对虚拟货币的拆分、打散来掩饰钱款来源和去向,使GA机关对涉虚拟货币犯罪案件的取证面临严峻挑战。玄武区检察院对该类案件适时介入引导侦查,在侦查方向、取证标准以及证据形式上提出建议,协同做好涉虚拟货币犯罪取证工作。 二是更新证明理念,提炼虚拟货币犯罪证据审查规则。区块链背景下的虚拟货币之所以成为犯罪分子用于违法交易的方式或者洗钱的手段,皆因转账链路十分复杂,链上身份和现实身份关联性弱,相较于传统犯罪而言,即便追踪到交易过程中的虚拟数字资产路径,也难以锁定具体的实体机构或者个人,在证明犯罪过程中很难形成完全闭合的、具有明确指向性的证据链。玄武区检察院根据涉虚拟货币犯罪的特点,以传统证明规则为基础,确定涉虚拟货币案件的证明标准,综合运用印证规则和经验法则论证身份同一性,准确认定犯罪。例如办理的王某盗窃、滥用职权案件中,王某对盗窃比特币的犯罪事实始终拒不供述,且涉案的部分境外网站或已关停或不合作,导致交易数据无法调取,检察机关梳理现有的证据,严谨分析逻辑、大胆猜测、小心求证,以现有证据形成的证据链认定犯罪事实,探索新型网络犯罪证据规则的进一步突破,确定“证据+逻辑”的证明标准,获得法院支持。 三是严密组织论证,明晰涉案虚拟货币价值认定标准。面对实务中对虚拟货币是否具备刑法意义上的价值以及其价值应如何计算存在的不同意见,玄武区检察院组织理论界和实务界专家深入分析该类案件特征,经研究一致认为虚拟货币交易虽然属于非法金融活动,但虚拟货币并非违禁品,具有价值和交换价值,符合刑法中“财物”的特征。对于虚拟货币的价值,确定以案件发生日涉案虚拟货币在国际交易平台的交易最低价认定,这种认定方法既便于取证,也符合“存疑有利于犯罪嫌疑人”原则。 1 Y# X8 l8 b% x" N& S
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