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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 $ i3 N) G, y3 d6 f8 \2 z
0 J4 F3 E: e+ ], ]5 E天朝博弈史5 |+ `. J* h; Z/ f8 A: m& q5 I
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 0 W: E4 J; e2 I3 |. @
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” " ], }9 S7 _+ m
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 4 A5 c& D$ O3 S1 \7 O& P4 g% R# j1 X
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→春秋战国7 w; } w" M7 @4 ?$ V( x" A
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 ( @: s5 H. Q' ?0 Z6 N! q! r
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
; A- D7 Y+ x1 l1 C/ U9 }《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
* e: O7 y) p, q1 H《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。0 D V' Y( r3 L% v$ X
( d: l f; @' P; i% H) E《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 $ w X; l5 m% v8 W7 ]8 N
+ ]* F$ t) [6 _& Q$ L/ h# ^→汉朝 {6 L$ b! Q$ R& e9 g& X1 ?
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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q, f- w5 p, p5 B, Q5 f- h8 ]0 U→
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晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” * `/ F2 K$ R$ w( y
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8 O! b* N5 g9 z/ s唐朝* i0 d9 q! {' b$ ]
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝6 L Q+ r# O$ q( F8 u
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 & ^) k: }& K7 ?6 H: }0 j* ~
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: Q" Q, `8 e" W+ ?$ ]8 Y# X6 N/ A1 N
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→
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明朝0 G3 T+ z; A$ Z
" w# F1 }! ?# Y0 o明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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3 K8 ^$ U2 ~& C% b/ s- O, G4 `1 {清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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; P; |6 _- I; d5 b" r' N康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。" k1 Q+ W. Z* {) {4 x
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” ; K9 D# Y4 F) B0 p6 M
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。# l7 D5 j( d' H& h: f
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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3 z O. ]4 k+ p5 @+ V汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 " ^* F) d# s# n1 g
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 4 V' ?& z* P) s" f
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。! ^5 L5 e2 g: N4 {% q. Q
7 d" k4 J0 A' J/ `- U张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 2 c( p7 g( g$ ?& R+ a: Z. @/ t
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”# I- m/ V" I* Q) b+ u2 a
: C; s* x1 | V光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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: }' `. w: |7 K' b# Z# ]) _, ~鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” , t. G9 N/ c8 n- v! V; k
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ; x: z" `* {6 F- d8 ?) K3 E* T
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