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美国联邦储备委员会15日宣布，将联邦基金利率目标区间上调75个基点至1.5%-1.75%水平。这是美联储自1994年以来单次最大幅度的加息，显示出控制通货膨胀的紧迫性。分析指出，美联储“激进”之举或将美国经济拖入衰退，同时将造成负面外溢效应，让全球金融市场承压。
实施1994年以来最大加息幅度
美联储决策机构联邦公开市场委员会15日在结束为期两天的货币政策会议后发表声明称，通胀率居高不下，反映出与疫情相关的供需失衡、能源价格上涨和更广泛的价格压力。该委员会表示“高度关注通胀风险”。
回顾历史，美联储加息75个基点或更多的次数非常罕见，自1970年代以来的五十二年仅有28次。至此，美联储已连续三次会议加息，2022年3月、5月分别加息25个基点和50个基点。对加息的预期，市场已经有所准备。在美联储议息决议公布前，包括摩根大通、野村、高盛、巴克莱、德意志银行等在内的投行都预计，美联储将宣布加息75个基点。
最新发布的点阵图也向外界传递出潜在的加息路径。美联储官员预计，基准利率到2022年年底前将升至3.4%。目前，包括高盛在内的多家华尔街投行预计，继6月大幅加息75个基点后，美联储在7月将会再次加息75个基点。到9月时，加息力度可能会略微减弱，改为加息50个基点。
据路透社报道，目前联邦基金期货市场定价工具“美联储观察”显示，美国利率期货定价美联储在7月26日至27日的议息会议上有90.4%的概率加息75个基点，有9.6%的概率加息100个基点。
外溢效应不容忽视
美联储议息会议决议发布后，一些新兴市场国家中央银行纷纷跟进加息。巴林央行宣布，将关键政策利率一周存款利率上调75个基点；阿联酋央行也宣布加息75个基点；地位等同于央行的沙特货币管理局（SAMA）15日宣布加息50个基点；此外，科威特央行宣布加息25个基点；巴西央行加息50个基点。
今年以来，全球性通货膨胀愈演愈烈，全球多家央行纷纷加入加息大潮。统计显示，在过去三个月中，全球20多家央行共计60多次上调关键利率水平，创2000年初以来新高。投行杰弗瑞全球股票策略师肖恩·达比表示，为了重新锚定通胀预期，全球金融状况将需要进一步收紧。
美联储加息会对数字货币有何影响？
加息将导致市场流动性减少，银行利息和国债收益率会提升，美元也会升值。投资理财的资金重回到银行、国债和美元市场。给加密货币市场也带来巨大影响，加密货币面临抛售风险，大量资金从加密圈流向稳健型投资，加息意味着在抽取金融市场上的多余流动性。对加密资产市场的支撑减弱，产生更多不确定性。
若美联储继续按照计划，执行连续六次加息，那对加密货币的影响是巨大的。虽然面对此次美联储宣布加息，比特币没有开启下跌通道，但早于去年底，美联储宣布将开始缩减债券购买规模并暗示利率上升，加密资产已开启下跌模式。
随着美联储加息，比特币今年可能会继续在一个价格区间内交易，而不会大幅上涨。
目前，市场对本轮加息的预期是 2022 年将加息 7 次，2023 年将再加息 3-4 次，2024 年将停止加息；同时最快于 5 月启动缩表。若今年加息 7 次，那么即未来每次 FOMC 会议都将加息，预期是 25 个基点。FOMC 会议的时间为：0316、0504、0615、0727、0921、1102、1214。
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