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[虚拟币交流]
美联储鲍曼提出数字资产监管四大核心原则：确定性、针对性、保护力与竞争力并重（转）
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$ Y5 w. @3 D5 |1 o5 e9 l美联储负责监管事务的副主席Michelle Bowman承认，受监管不确定性影响，加密货币公司曾遭遇银行服务中断问题。
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8月19日在怀俄明州区块链研讨会上，鲍曼还宣布美联储对区块链创新的态度将发生根本性转变。3 z# A; H& [2 j
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她透露，美联储已于6月末在银行监管中移除了“声誉风险考量因素”，以消除金融机构为合法经营的数字资产公司提供服务的障碍。# z$ i7 v3 ~/ ]# I" I' I
0 i4 D# m& C1 H8 L' j& O 这位美联储官员表示：“你们所在的（加密货币）行业，早已因银行监管机构采用模糊标准、发布相互矛盾的指引及作出不一致的监管解读，而面临诸多阻碍。”
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- D" \4 U% H2 b% `9 }! b Bowman强调，银行不应因服务合法经营的客户而面临处罚，并指出客户选择决策“完全属于银行管理层的职权范围”，而非由监管机构干预。
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2 K) V) j" Z1 @ 此外，她提到美联储已从“过度谨慎的心态”转变，开始支持传统银行体系拥抱区块链技术。$ A! l$ u! J# m/ Q
( L0 t$ U/ e6 ^ 她警示，监管机构必须在“制定技术框架”与“任由创新完全绕过银行”之间做出选择，后者可能削弱银行业的经济相关性。7 J+ c( x9 D3 I. r, y. B$ l2 U
1 T) ^) U" f( ?0 K 目前，美联储正更新审查手册与监管材料，以确保“移除声誉风险”政策的长期落地。
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F+ Q1 E# _! Q9 j% u0 q Bowman提出了指导美联储数字资产监管新方向的四大核心原则。
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; v7 }0 z8 v0 w# V) ~- t “监管确定性”是首要原则，旨在解决行业“缺乏明确监管标准而不敢投资区块链开发”的担忧。9 {2 X I x( p4 u5 S7 G; N" \3 W
+ h5 |& ^: u9 G7 j# X+ ]/ v Bowman质疑：若企业明知与银行合作会面临监管不确定性，它们是否还会选择合作，而非转向银行体系外的替代方案。& f, Q$ x7 N, |; w% @$ Q, z
_5 d4 T/ z: }# P+ h+ p$ ~ “针对性监管”构成第二项原则，要求监管机构需根据具体情况评估应用场景，而非基于“最坏情况”预设进行监管。
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美联储必须认可数字资产与传统金融工具的独特差异，同时避免采用无法解决实际风险状况的一刀切方法。: q* A, q% M9 ?+ y3 }/ {8 t2 B
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“消费者保护”是第三项原则，确保面向客户的产品符合现有消费者保护法规，包括禁止不公平、欺诈性或滥用性操作。% Q) x( h# \# {. {- h
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数字资产监管框架必须纳入《银行保密法》与反XI钱要求，同时维持银行的安全稳健标准。
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( N6 T# p. g: c/ c “美国竞争力”构成该框架的最后一环，该原则旨在将美国定位为全球首要创新目的地。Bowman警示，若无法建立合理的监管架构，美国在金融科技发展领域的长期领先地位可能面临风险。
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' u+ a) Y6 Y5 ^ d Bowman宣布，美联储的“创新监管”工作将重新整合到储备银行审查团队中，恢复对银行创新活动的常规监管流程。
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她提议允许美联储工作人员持有少量数字资产，以深入理解区块链的运作机制，并将此必要性比作实践学习而非理论学习。
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( @ B8 R8 F: ?- r/ Q 编辑注：这与美国ZF此前的态度形成鲜明转变，尤其是前SEC主席Gary Gensler的立场。Gensler曾在麻省理工学院教授大学级别的区块链课程，但承认自己从未持有任何数字资产，也从未亲自执行过交易，即从未用自己的资金实际接触过区块链。$ N3 {- P- P/ J$ S4 I, o. n; Q
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美联储认识到，代币化有助于加快资产所有权转移，同时降低交易成本和结算风险。Bowman指出，包括社区机构在内的各类规模银行，均能从资产代币化技术带来的效率提升中获益。
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此外，她强调《GENIUS法案》的通过与总统签署，已将稳定币定位为金融体系的重要组成部分，这对传统支付渠道具有深远影响。# U5 h" g6 y ]" r1 Y3 @ l
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Bowman呼吁行业参与，帮助监管机构理解区块链在现有应用场景之外解决更多问题的能力。
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她特别请求行业就如何利用新技术打击欺诈提供意见，并将其视为美联储与数字资产领域开展合作的重要机遇。
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Bowman最后总结：在构建更现代化、高效的金融体系过程中，创新与监管相辅相成，而非相互对立。
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