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天朝博弈史
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* j+ q5 T I: z. f( X r博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
: `5 d$ k2 w1 f" [# V许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” ' `8 e; \3 H6 e
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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→春秋战国4 i; v4 d* t7 b- s- X. K6 i
9 J2 i& E1 V% ~/ ~6 ^8 M《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
# s0 A* p* H; a+ z; [% L《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 . m0 _5 ~2 [2 T* ?9 ^
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 4 h( W! Y' h3 U6 {+ t& ^8 N- i
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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5 q2 A, U. A" ^8 D4 f D, y《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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: H3 o& F) L: t→汉朝0 {& [9 Q% ~* }: F8 z' x- E/ R& Z
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8 c- J$ _; x+ U汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛7 W+ i" \3 w' l$ O7 q% L
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q+ d) B+ v! t) g晋朝 e+ R. D$ p F4 s
; ]2 }) s4 D9 n东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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唐朝/ q0 ]; J; W/ {. n4 Z) E
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →* K- D7 {7 Z; h+ O( z @( T
3 d$ {: d: K$ @- {6 |/ o宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
: [2 E1 W! Q& U" r/ Y* {5 i苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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→
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辽、金3 i7 J9 W( g; D- y
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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8 W6 }! F7 n# u# d& P明朝: H' m6 u( e! o( F9 C' j- a! B0 j
/ [8 |+ M( E% _* q9 L明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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7 R1 J7 q& X, T0 l《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 3 L3 y5 \5 x* l& X# [9 v- w7 J! t
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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, l! g6 l4 V r! s$ w0 N+ v洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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+ @$ V1 a5 a1 q; z6 H" M汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 & |, ]! Z2 B% V* R H
3 Y+ f. y \& e; ~同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 7 O+ J6 C/ G' ^
9 D u! \3 v# P. l9 n( R蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。- Z. V: c2 X1 ?, J0 @1 ?
" ^% ] j9 a* I# y$ Y张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 7 |9 U& J; | m1 m
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”/ s' w$ E4 k# p% s$ E4 O/ c1 c
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” " G. U% a1 E# P) v$ P% V
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” . T1 y4 J% I7 G. r
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” & s, V/ L) I5 ]7 o# z" ?
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