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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑
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* }* b9 L; o5 J. s& {天朝博弈史
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! S Q: v+ g( @1 L" \5 m# L博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
: i: ?1 A! \) r# N& v许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” + E2 k; E( E; a1 t4 |) Z9 R
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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" K& N- {8 b3 R: W# x8 J" J→春秋战国, r7 Y0 Q& O4 Q; n& G; [3 a
' I" M8 }$ P7 ?《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 1 X4 @3 Z; p$ r1 Y
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
4 e- j% H4 C1 h! g0 h《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
* @' l, o! y; p6 O. `! ?《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。% ]3 i# C4 |$ O9 f7 y+ w& V
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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; E$ I2 \1 o1 _' l/ r→汉朝/ {4 @2 f/ g5 I! H; H! U
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& o2 a& e$ d U7 I: j汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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{' ~$ b& a+ S晋朝
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” & T5 ~' O1 ^# G& \- ]
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唐朝
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7 T& X" i. l9 s( C唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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- ^/ E# y: e9 Z2 H宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
- R% r ~$ R0 r2 M" I苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。$ z1 R7 y7 u" q! X) X
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”3 b5 U6 o1 K' W2 ]1 F6 N
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辽、金- T0 Z; n% r3 c; G
$ ]4 D$ o" q' G7 q辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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8 h& C9 {9 V6 u) a S5 H明朝9 I2 x! g- i* G; X6 h
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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i4 h% ^ u p清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 % c; t4 ~2 i) b' x$ X- S& K' L# n: d
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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/ i( b0 V$ O \9 b( p- O& y雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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2 G' ^2 ?# k9 o1 l' p: \清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
: K, G4 J5 P: d& u6 r" e咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。$ h$ Y* @4 I( H8 q/ s9 V7 e
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 , w2 u" J" N* }. D/ ]7 u: n
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 : a5 K1 H- _' y+ g% V
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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# E* k P- ~; I$ S蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。) t t8 C: G+ |9 S X5 ]4 S
+ F' N9 ^6 W! ^" f* ?- ~- {张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 ) p- `6 V7 Q) \4 o* F
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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( ?# g( t6 H3 `. Z; r" i光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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0 I7 O3 I9 j. l中华民国
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9 s6 b% v! F4 ^ F鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 0 b, e# b; ?' b/ J
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” & f1 a F! u$ j% X
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