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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 : a0 a6 x h$ H& t+ h0 t; _7 s6 V' c, S
1 T) r, m9 T- w5 w天朝博弈史2 x: _( ^9 O/ x+ }2 x; l; m
, m- A6 B- s7 d2 X J8 ^博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
+ p( o$ H# Z6 U* _8 O: T许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
7 m" J2 ]5 k$ J) a. }《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 $ i9 [" }0 q: `) b G* F0 r
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) m E. E: y5 q; r& G→春秋战国( Y2 q9 [$ r8 N; x% L* E
! E, M4 R# R- V& ?# F- O《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 % o2 c& H Z# U; Z
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
$ {% ~. [* M6 a7 e) o《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
7 _$ l6 g8 U, D. R0 U《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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) Y% O: M% S5 \- f《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 % a+ s- o4 l+ @( y& y
# y( \& R# \7 b, _# {→汉朝* \0 u6 n1 q' M
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛8 H7 R4 ]8 _3 G
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晋朝- P. i+ h* F! E5 `
5 z6 f4 k0 N2 [3 d东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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) Z" h) T7 C; [& Y* [/ V. y唐朝
0 Y7 A- O3 C' J* K7 A, j- q/ l4 }9 M% U% x w# ~0 y
唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →
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宋朝. U% K' H$ C* h1 i; ]: \
4 Y) Z% ]$ _! {- }, n北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
# \. h S% A. n1 `. a苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。3 h% W; \4 S' u+ N9 A4 I& C
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ S7 ~, W, T5 i! E. B% z9 [+ ?- v* P
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9 y; `- L* M8 K& g0 A0 _* P6 x辽、金- C, C/ M( F( X. A* u9 ^, \
( }$ n& q& l$ r- G' o# Z; Y( f& j辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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→
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$ I. Y; O' o$ Z3 D X明朝
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) V5 K3 q9 B& G* h" G5 ]) w' Q' @明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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/ i6 [ M) Q' b: ?3 p清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 7 u, i! N+ M. R3 A4 G9 R/ p
3 E# @. E3 l+ a4 h7 ?康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。1 y. [! s; B6 ~
0 ]- K2 Y% N1 s% R, x清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
, ]* l/ J* s6 Z% g: f) R0 f咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 2 O* F- k( {4 E: C
( k3 }8 p, B! v% Y同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 7 n2 g4 K9 } k4 G a* x8 k3 q1 ~
' V# c4 K$ u+ y5 y蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。( `: B& s/ k& M, J, @
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张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
0 n; l9 N: L: }% A吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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8 p* c4 K4 L3 z8 E+ T& A! q; S中华民国7 q6 L$ n6 q O' `( R
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 3 _% i0 `5 I+ u6 s' W5 z5 H
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ! h" O9 ]- T+ y" X
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