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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 ; B! U' q8 K$ T Q- t9 @
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天朝博弈史 Z- ^5 B, i% y- T) y& U- x
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 ! F6 }4 s, H7 _( g
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
; J! v" [ a! [% t3 h, P《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。
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2 E6 P! N. S$ _! }→春秋战国
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7 R% G. {; [4 g" L/ ^" f* `+ I《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。 - x! M* e) `" e( Q
《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
3 m; C7 m( n8 a& i3 U" V% G3 \+ G《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
4 g) D8 F% N M ]9 U2 \; G《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。, X7 g& v4 [, D# W! k
3 l7 Q' u) d$ E4 J) j" {《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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→汉朝5 y o& E1 Z! q* S! Q! d0 G
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛/ D6 K& W0 J" P. q4 P
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7 B% C: n3 A1 Q8 z% _晋朝5 m( F+ ] t' M
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” $ U. @1 ?5 g7 h3 n7 x
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5 ?$ c8 {& s9 E% T唐朝
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4 O3 y& a, }5 u6 _6 C唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →, D, }5 L+ W: I% E: A. R+ |- C
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宋朝
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8 P. {; G" J' X/ ]+ n, r+ U6 D北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
; ^4 Y, j/ k1 [$ s# L苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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' Y8 n! I F4 e《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”& }% \# _% l3 K6 v% c
3 E" E2 s& t" S6 C→1 ]- e0 T2 d% u& @9 m% `
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辽、金, Q! Z& u3 L6 r7 Z
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”
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明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。 p- s5 L/ ^/ x
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清朝8 N% H. { u% ~4 R
5 R6 a3 q/ m/ N- v) d《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 1 [! I0 F- O4 n6 z2 F8 x
% ] r0 g3 q. j" X6 v* Z4 P康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 % @3 D. |/ R# u/ H& K
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 7 B- W1 Q8 U. }5 m, x5 X# j
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。) N$ Z5 a$ R+ L5 h$ C5 D& q
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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9 S3 {5 t7 S# ^1 f! V1 k1 |8 a汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 0 W5 E- L0 x: q: |( d- ]2 o
y; l% Q: c6 @( H. a. r/ f同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 . H( x( @8 D6 ~ y8 C
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。
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: q& S) ^! p+ |8 p0 C; w) Y张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
; }# G4 ~6 h+ u& v3 N* i吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”5 i' S' C1 K0 i0 t; Q0 r9 `8 ]
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” J N2 ^% ~' r- i
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中华民国" O( T% r" J1 ^2 a* Q" V8 E; P
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
5 B1 _" z; E. U1 A8 w1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！”
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