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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 3 P9 s/ J& y! `3 T2 X2 S
. a: ?, r- v6 `( L) t/ V天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 0 d- a3 u ^/ e% b( b- e
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
0 \% O# s W4 Q% R. n《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 $ m2 z4 D, B7 \/ i# \1 N
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7 o% t0 G, H g→春秋战国
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
: g0 w- b/ d- J6 a" B9 Z《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 ^% u! U, q3 x" { D4 F) k
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
% q& |% [$ @1 h0 b Q. ]《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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a R6 ]" i& V E+ v, k《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 / {* R! x2 t/ z8 u; Q- V$ b* c
; b3 g; F" z6 G: ]2 U5 O→汉朝2 {7 c' V9 f8 Z$ X+ M/ s& b8 _) J
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" K" f# D. {% e, {汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛9 B6 w1 _$ n7 g$ M x) w) P3 k
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1 @ f$ r- J' D! r* {晋朝# Z& C! G1 q3 L6 N s8 l3 ^$ |: `
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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1 h# f! C5 T# X9 o+ N唐朝, s3 H( y$ t$ G
2 ~' u% o' ?. J: m3 d唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →" `# p- t2 w% A+ J' | V" X
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
) Y, m( Z. N& X. f( o |6 f苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”
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辽、金8 M( d9 H* @4 L8 x, G8 G2 g
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”, \* v! [/ G0 J( v5 U8 K- i
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明朝4 ~! G* e! p# s
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。8 `) j+ ^+ h0 k, C7 v- F
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→
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( z& M# \) U5 b. ]6 j清朝
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, c; t/ U3 c8 ?' h6 m《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 0 d7 \+ O$ x- {, W
( C0 y" I, a0 O" u. s; G: x康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 6 T* j$ y& w4 ?2 O" |
$ v( w" G' X# q p雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。* E5 p1 z& G- ?* g0 l
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” $ Y1 q- M U5 I
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。1 A8 r7 y4 v5 z7 L; N6 a% ]9 D
" Q- l$ c4 q7 r/ d- h7 w( Z+ b# Q/ B洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 $ d5 F) F- f; v
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。
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- n/ b6 s; q1 m' r同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。' \' A( f& J% H1 x2 ~3 e$ `3 G
' J% T+ D6 ~( f张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
% Z! Y; ?2 K4 C吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”" _8 j$ w" S% ^# y
( |7 P9 d' N( C5 ]光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” % i0 j2 e3 V) X/ w
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& u1 ~' v& r. ?6 `; j/ d) a中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” , m+ F0 p8 n* k6 p
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” / ^/ g/ S* H/ D) V7 P3 G
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