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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 0 D: _, T- u: I+ v
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
S+ N4 `; {, x, `9 S/ o( B. z许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
3 e4 H, {* ?; V$ c! ?3 e: j1 [《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 4 q' Y9 r1 @8 `- U' Y: C
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/ U$ Y A) v' F$ I, g, N! T q→春秋战国# A8 Y) |2 \; I' f) H! F$ |
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《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
/ J& d, J R9 i+ c5 p$ c0 [* @《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。 8 t Z1 o& S7 W
《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” 6 Z" v" R( c& K
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。& @5 g) |5 a; D; i2 i, t- M, W* L
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 ; q) x+ W+ p/ D/ x2 I
, `' g& E5 {- @0 D7 \. e7 ?3 l→汉朝
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" _" {; ^; n4 V, C2 j* W+ l$ o汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
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% K1 B- D& |! N9 e# r% Q e晋朝
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( h! K" g, k, l. n东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” 3 [+ ]- s9 @7 c; g
→
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唐朝
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/ T2 {+ x; E& `, ?- g9 z3 A1 v唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →6 N j+ d8 D: `8 X% f( U
8 `0 t. M1 L% p/ {2 w2 M" k宋朝& j9 K% D* y z, ^4 y8 v
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。 5 I$ ]9 Z2 ^1 P( @. B
苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。4 T4 y% O9 r4 D( U* m8 N( \
" _5 t: S0 r( v" s8 B《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ W0 f1 e, L! K! I
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& R0 |! D6 B6 B# x$ V辽、金
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辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”: {2 k! {0 i% ^* A/ P' m$ ?
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, G* y% e/ q& E, i: h. H1 r3 ^1 e明朝( e* A/ x. g/ W. t2 ^9 u4 V6 ?
/ }, j$ t6 E) S- e
明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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清朝
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 6 c: e* a2 a$ T+ n1 ]
8 a& C- T& w D7 S# V康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 9 _9 \, u# R; |0 h" o2 W. I; Y
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雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。8 x m; c X% |# G; |
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清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。”
* P2 T3 A; [) z5 f( z6 X咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 2 r9 U! A! c( h; l6 A2 H5 Q
& Q6 [; Z' t; f, g+ o2 L( q7 y9 z汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 # s6 U0 {1 Y% ^& o
: V# f! }. c) N% U( ]同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。8 g! _( j& B( R2 ~! |
6 b: K& ^# u8 d. e9 o6 B张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 $ R# n) f# J( s
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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$ F- I; W, G& C0 P; Y3 V K- X. R光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。” : d% A7 i- S; q- ~0 d
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中华民国/ G( {4 {! \3 D
9 ?, f1 B6 P/ l1 ? d) m7 U鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” " P8 p: n6 A2 e* t
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 2 c/ T# F8 w% F( @; R
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