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一提到金融,大家最先想到的恐怕就是银行。不管是转账、存款还是贷款,几乎都得通过银行来完成。这就是我们熟悉的中心化金融。银行,就是那个不可或缺的中心。
0 i; i; H3 ]2 N% a3 D0 F2 I1 I但有没有一种可能,金融活动可以不再依赖银行这样的中间机构?答案就是DeFi,去中心化金融。% J& n: Q# f2 ]- S: m
在DeFi的世界里,一切金融操作都在区块链上完成,靠的是提前写好的智能合约自动执行。
) |& u! O3 m; _# }' }没有柜台、没有信贷员、甚至没有银行,只有代码和规则。8 A/ t) E* L. }; n9 `
以借贷为例。 a/ F3 [- R# B7 m) l3 F
传统世界里,你想向银行贷款,得提交收入证明、抵押房产,签一堆文件,等银行审核通过后才能拿到钱。6 O9 f) C: w6 k" a" v
而在DeFi中,这一切变得像在一个全自动的当铺里进行。你不用面对任何人,只需跟程序打交道。0 V' T% y8 X7 s7 r/ V6 L( s
这个当铺能运转,靠的是下面3个核心部件
. q$ ]8 R# y" I! _4 H区块链好比一个公开的账本,记录所有交易,谁都不能篡改。比如在以太坊上记录了你的账户下有1000个以太币,你有这1000个以太币才能进行抵押借贷。2 A9 I! q# E& d# m& r" @% K: ~
然后抵押借钱的关键在于,你抵押的资产到底值多少钱。
+ D5 _5 |, V4 T# H. C4 H. X传统金融中有专门的人来评估你的房产。在Defi中则依靠Chainlink 预言机,它负责实时汇报外部价格。比如说1个以太币3000美元。* h v0 P7 h" m, t# b
有了区块链和预言机,当铺才知道了你抵押的资产值多少钱。但你能借多少钱,利息多少,钱从哪里来。
: c6 Z! O$ T" I$ G' S/ j2 }; R这些就是借贷协议层,这里就相当于当铺本体,规定了借贷行为的各种规则$ [* N+ o3 O$ O+ z( G
典型代表有 Aave 和 Compound。
; N0 ~3 m6 m0 o7 C7 r4 p比如我们定义了资金池,所有想赚利息的人,把钱存进来的,形成了一个大资金池。这些钱就可以拿去借给别人。
& M3 \: W' H8 ?7 j% u8 r你想借钱,就从池子里拿。你存钱进去,就相当于当了债主,能收到别人借钱的利息。
x' X7 z) C a/ @你想借100块钱,那你必须抵押价值至少150块的东西,防止你借钱跑了。 f2 L. t3 ?% f# N) q9 p1 A
万一你抵押的东西价格暴跌,只值120块了,机器人店员不会打电话催你,会直接把你抵押的东西卖掉,先把100块本金拿回来,保护资金池的安全。这个过程就叫清算,对你来说很无情,但对存钱的人来说很安全。
% j/ G; @, @0 A2 K2 P0 N3 u这些零零散散的借贷协议,保证了当铺的运作。) m1 P7 b2 ^1 c+ A9 P7 Z
DeFi不是虚无的概念,它正在重构我们对金融的认知。当然,它仍处于早期阶段,高收益往往高风险,特别是智能合约漏洞和资产波动可能导致资产直接归零。
- E/ _1 c& W1 r8 x9 h4 l |
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