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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。
- M, F9 Z. z. g, k) F许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。” 4 @8 ~& S/ i' d& S' z# O
《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 ( @! Q7 y" P1 _- }6 l
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+ R* p" j9 k2 J _' E+ y$ V→春秋战国 E. Z* S+ }2 P
, x$ a T7 b6 N4 [《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
3 A# C8 {: `" @0 x《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
4 a' A1 i x1 l2 }% |) m; j7 f《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决” + u: [" W$ f8 ?# d- U
《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。* U6 w- x: S4 ?$ u* G
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《左传》载季氏斗鸡。 6 b7 D. X1 S! \% C, r! |) M' g
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→汉朝7 _: S: _! a7 X) g) K# W/ D6 \
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汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛% L, ]5 H% y1 g6 u; ^0 k& Z o
4 x6 _5 ]* }; e; U→) D) o0 R& |( j4 O
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晋朝9 z0 T! D) F: O
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东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。” ) o. q' q$ R6 d3 `% K% N5 w
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唐朝9 Z* m& u) R7 t
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唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →- s% n! z: ^" [; d R) w7 q
+ i; o6 h* g1 h宋朝
5 _! Y. u$ F# Y, @' v9 l0 d5 c4 H9 N# |) D6 n2 ?8 D- |# C- \, x
北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
: m( W5 T; Q/ q R苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”$ c' W& _* ]% H$ @$ Z) j, M- A- i
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→
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辽、金) _& d+ Z; a0 C5 W! G5 p( p
4 `9 K/ A# L" @辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”. y5 L) n. K" N2 M: a8 Y
; N) r7 e8 m& u7 V% ^→/ D: ?0 z( f5 L$ t w0 P- f( l
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q d3 b# A. X8 X% t3 K( `明朝
* J ~- t( d4 o$ j
* T# y. R4 Q* B, c明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。" Y1 S' |( K/ K* ]0 T" S
* _3 ]3 ?, k/ T$ _→
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, A" J3 b: w" J3 t; L8 o& P4 E( S清朝
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* T0 W& C+ d3 ~, I+ x3 E& l《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。 4 v! b1 O8 u+ A( }
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康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。 - g8 U+ F4 H8 j+ l
1 c/ g, o; x9 u/ [; \! A6 Y0 D/ i雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。) o: h' F9 ?' u; s
1 V- a3 J6 D. M3 F' s
清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 2 z. Y5 w4 J, t" X
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。
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% {4 m8 m, i1 p/ D$ e洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。 # z5 [& n8 b6 w1 @5 R
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 3 k. B( [' `& C9 M9 X6 ?5 V- N% x
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同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。 4 c( \/ W7 `4 B& Y2 ?4 x
8 T' m+ w* b( p6 X+ k9 @蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。/ O) ?# I! T$ p! |# H) C; x8 }
' K, N6 K1 `5 ]8 p I* k张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。
4 g; a; Z5 ?7 E( e3 s吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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$ M# ?$ I3 P- G光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。” 3 _$ k3 k* F- F2 A3 M R+ _
1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” ' A8 f5 J9 t- A; D2 m
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