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本帖最后由 实习版主1 于 2018-6-21 14:46 编辑 3 K$ [& G z2 {: X
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天朝博弈史
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博弈即Dubo，是人类最容易上瘾的行为之一。Dubo的工具可以是动物，有斗鸡、斗鹌鹑、斗画眉、斗鹪鹩、斗蟋蟀以及斗鸭、斗鹅，还有赛马、走狗等。也可以是棋牌类，如：六博、樗蒲、塞戏、弹棋、围棋、马吊、麻将、押宝、花会、字宝等。 1 `' ~$ z+ L' h# k
许慎《说文》载：“古者乌曹作博。”乌曹是夏桀的臣子。最早在夏桀时，即发展出六博的游戏，《说文》称：“（六博）局戏也，六箸十二棋也。古者乌曹作簙。”
# p) w( y7 E) Q- _3 Y《史记·殷本纪》上说，武帝乙“为偶人，谓之天神，与之博”。 # r3 s; d' P: r0 g: [- l- K: T
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→春秋战国
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# [' r" g6 k |3 _, f" G《列子·说符》载，大梁虞姓富户好博戏，每日开设博局招赌，四方赌徒闻风而来。
: I5 P5 K- y/ K$ @* ]《史记·苏秦列传》殷本纪载齐国临淄“临淄之中七万户……其民无不吹笙、鼓瑟、击筑、弹琴、斗鸡、走犬、六博、踏鞠者。”。
9 M; f! N1 E0 r; J1 B, \8 N《穆天子传》上说穆王“北入于邴，与井公博，三日而决”
" m m2 d4 h. |6 j. t& m: i《史记·宋微子世家》记载渭公与大夫南宫万在外狩猎时作六博戏，双方发生冲突，渭公说南宫万曾作过俘虏，南宫万大怒，用六博盘砸死渭公。
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% C* H, _# [. D$ I《左传》载季氏斗鸡。
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! q# | w3 }: Y- [7 d- @→汉朝' p% a: d% \5 Z
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; T0 R/ t. A. ]汉武帝时，翮侯黄遂因赌被判处带刑具服苦役。另外两名翮侯张拾、蔡辟方也因赌被削爵，赌风稍有收敛
9 n$ f% z2 g, P% l" W! e) M * ^% U" i' ^& j! z0 Q! M& \
→) Y) d/ I6 X7 R1 n- X6 e
3 k. J, `% {! y2 m1 \晋朝9 x' J6 j J* f" X/ |
7 [2 x6 K- _* H( u2 Q东晋谢安在淝水之战时，“命驾出山墅亲朋毕集，方与玄(谢玄)围棋赌别墅。安常棋劣于玄，是日玄惧，便为敌手而不胜。安顾谓其甥云：‘以墅乞汝’安遂游涉，至夜乃还。”
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5 J2 p) M9 G. ]6 ^. G) E B唐朝7 n6 f7 u' k, `& [( [- H% G) i
! e4 p# I) u( v' t7 p4 L1 Z唐朝流行叶子戏，是骨牌戏的一种。唐玄宗跟杨贵妃常玩“叶子戏”。《咸定录》载“咸通以来， 天下尚之”。至明朝时成为“马吊”，最终演化为“麻将牌”。 →$ b5 p, ~& U: W9 r0 m
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宋朝
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北宋初年禁赌甚严，在京城Dubo者一律处斩，《宋史·太宗纪》载：太宗“淳化二年闰二月己丑，诏京城蒲博者，开封府捕之，犯者斩”。
: D6 o/ @6 R! i/ @1 ~$ Y7 i3 ~苏轼在《奏议十四·乞降度牒修定禁军营房状》中指出：京城有“柜坊百余户”、“招军民Dubo”。宋西湖老人的《西湖老人繁盛录》载“中作夜场”，以“赌赛输赢”。9 D4 e$ c0 D" ^$ { J
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《宋史·贾似道传》：“似道，少落魄，为游博，不事操行。 ”元兵南下，宋宋岌岌可危，“时襄阳围已急，似道日坐葛岭，起楼阁亭榭，取宫人娼尼有美色者为妾，日淫乐其中。惟故博徒日至纵博。”9 u. r. q. M# P: {; J a
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→
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) A. Z4 a+ D3 D2 s辽、金2 |* c0 }& ~. R6 i0 ?/ A( Q# N
4 w# v: M+ d' D. W# {) j0 ^: w辽道宗“晚年倦勤，用人不能自择，令各掷骰子，以彩胜者官之。”# V! b9 `1 @% l
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' U* v3 \# e' _) r Q w) q& q5 ?+ T# B明朝
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明朝盛行马吊，王崇简《冬夜笺记》说：“士大夫好之（马吊），穷日累夜，若痴若狂。”文人士子多热衷此道，冯梦龙还写有《马吊牌经》。吴伟业的《绥冠纪略》认为明朝亡于马吊。
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- ^) p6 C5 ^% n' c$ o→
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5 e( H- W0 j- s: [' J清朝! o' o% ~6 R9 B" Y0 a( p$ y
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《大清律例》中规定：“反Dubo，不分兵民，俱枷号两月”：凡民人“开场诱引Dubo，经旬累月，聚集无赖放头、抽头者，初犯杖一百，徒三年：再犯杖一百，流三千里”。
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& I- ?" i9 L q% }" e康熙“莅位之初，即用为大禁。”“由是斗狠酗博之羌民，屏息而不敢出，内则五城衙巷市井之贼日稀，外则商旅恬安，宵行夜宿，少遭劫盗，田畴益治，并里宴眠”。
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2 F3 _4 _# G; q: Z雍正时对Dubo一再严禁，“日夜严缉”，史载“道路少响马及老瓜贼而商旅以宁，Dubo及造赌具者渐已改业而家室以安”。
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- @9 \2 K0 f4 d! t: f% }: X清人吴文晖曾写有《赌徒》一诗：“相唤相互日征逐，野狐迷人无此酷，一场纵赌几家贫，后车推鉴前车覆。” 2 b+ }5 x% @, i: a- |/ Y" ]
咸丰时，孝钦皇后嗜赌，经常与诸王福晋聚赌。沈梓称江浙一带“咸丰年赌风大盛”。《寇难琐记》亦称“Dubo之风，遍地盛行”。赵菁衫“嗜博成癖”，“一日不博，若荷重负”，赌技颇佳，“常胜不负，人至莫敢与角”[4]。9 ]6 ~9 y* m9 z& f1 m
/ L" A0 P+ f* c洪秀全定都天京，颁布《太平刑律》，规定Dubo者处以极刑，当街绞死。
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汪兆镛形容澳门的赌风：“赌馆林立，皆层楼崇敞，光怪陆离”。 8 y5 d' H( C; V) w6 z1 P9 X+ G* ?
% ]+ B7 P5 y5 Z5 y8 C" L同治、光绪年间，京师“遍九城皆有赌坊”。龚自珍嗜博，尤喜摇摊，“每战辄北，不三五次，资复全没”[5]。
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4 q0 ?/ u0 y. l5 t/ D8 k蒲松龄曾说：“天下之倾家者，莫速于赌；天下之败德者，亦莫甚于博”。% F# h) Q( P9 N2 F/ s
( K: a! I. v& y* o+ o1 s张集馨《道咸宦海见闻录》记载一位赌徒名马书新，将家资赌尽。其妻之兄送她絮被，马又要以絮被作赌资。其妻不肯，被马用铡刀砍死。 5 b0 \1 {8 C( v9 O, V" y
吴炽昌《续客窗闲话》卷七《斗鹑》中说：“禽之善斗者，有鸡、有画眉、有鹌鹑。斗鸡，古法也，而今亡矣。南人好斗画眉，北人好斗鹌鹑，惟山右为甚。富室贵胄，遇有俊物，不惜重价购之。……示日开圈，鹑客麇集，挟资千万。”
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光绪年间有无名氏的《早回头·劝戒Dubo》道：“……见几个为Dubo家产败尽，见几个为Dubo灭了人伦，见几个为Dubo与人拼命，见几个为Dubo昧了良心，见几个为Dubo提刀弄棍，见几个为Dubo黑夜撬门。世上人听我劝回头速醒，自古道久赌饿神仙难赢。”
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中华民国0 T( Z& t2 z2 M+ }# H0 q
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鲁迅在《伪自由书·观斗》里说：“最普通的是斗鸡，斗蟋蟀，南方有斗黄头鸟，斗画眉鸟，北方有斗鹌鹑，一群闲人们围着呆看，还因此赌输赢。”
; y4 P4 H/ T* [) B. s1930年胡适写《漫游的感想》感叹道：“男人以打麻将为消闲，女人以打麻将为家常，老太婆以打麻将为下半生的大事业 ! ”“我们走遍世界，可曾看到哪一个长进的民族、文明的国家肯这样荒时废业的！” 0 _& H( Y' U! {/ B
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