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熊市会放大任何一个可能的利空,这次轮到stETH。
4 P, c; J7 r. s5 G从上周五开始,市场上关于stETH脱钩清算的恐慌情绪持续蔓延,这其中很大一部分源于对stETH的不了解。对此,本文整理出关于stETH的8个常识,以降低大量误解带来的不必要影响。
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stETH不会是下一个UST
( h3 b1 R7 x' A( |( B" F! EstETH是质押在以太坊信标链上的ETH,且完全由信标链上的ETH1:1支持,即1枚stETH=1枚质押中的ETH。
1 A- R- o. s( y当以太坊合并完成,且信标链开放提现功能时,用户持有1枚stETH可以兑换1枚ETH,因此任何将它与UST等抵押不足的稳定币的比较都是错误的。
2 z' P. C% R4 \1 E' K' z+ N* V( U02
8 W) z$ n. E6 v9 z EstETH不是GBTC * L8 {6 P9 A. t) t) p* b; [/ j
stETH是一种ERC20代币,在不断发展的DeFi生态系统中有很高的实用性。 4 X* f9 S4 S2 [/ r# J ]- \/ C6 _
它自带一个原生的收益率,这是你单独持有ETH所不能获取的。市场里有很多人都愿意为此承担套利风险。
7 p @" w, {1 d( j0 [. e; ~) d03 7 y( W) z: V$ c3 k) ]
stETH价格不一定与ETH挂钩
' D) ~/ S Y6 |, c( H( h" UstETH与ETH并没有一个固定的挂钩率,无论二级市场的估值如何,它都会继续被质押。 2 O+ e5 l0 ^0 k1 m0 i) ], u
现在能在二级市场上将stETH换成ETH只是为了方便,但同时你也会得到市场对它的估价。
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stETH存在套利机会 6 L7 L9 U8 N2 } y) Z* Q
一般来说,只要存款没有上限,stETH就不会以高于1ETH的价格交易。 % n4 e( [: v, x# x/ c
因为其中存在套利:
4 T. V- O& U3 V( L Z+ A如果1stETH=1.05ETH,那么我可以将1ETH存入Lido,得到1stETH,在二级市场以1.05ETH的价格出售,获利0.05ETH,这种方式也会推低stETH的价格。
3 e& Y2 @9 ~: l5 k" r0 M/ c当stETH的赎回开放后,市场有一个奏效的套利方式:
4 z2 L7 a _- _3 O% h如果stETH以0.95ETH交易,那么我可以用0.95ETH买入1stETH,然后将其赎回1ETH,获得0.05ETH的利润,这种方式会推高stETH的价格。
( k4 }; d" a/ u3 s) F# a$ D05
5 z! i- \7 l2 M% Z. t3 {/ E即使合并,赎回仍要等6-12个月
7 U# `1 S1 [4 \6 A需要注意的是,以太坊合并之后,需要等待状态转换的分叉,这可能需要6-12个月,此时的stETH仍然无法从信标链中赎回ETH。赎回开放后,信标链上还有一个赎回队列,一次可以取消质押的ETH数量是有限制的。
3 {2 S% G2 V7 E9 Z0 ? D e4 s06
6 w7 D8 N& J2 o0 F% `影响stETH价格的四大因素 " d8 d. S7 G4 s7 i7 T
有多种原因使stETH暂时高于/低于其抵押品价值,其中包括但不限于: ) y: P4 f. C" r( i
流动性溢价风险 Lido协议风险 信标链推迟风险 杠杆玩家清算风险
1 O6 a. |& B7 s/ ?! H1 `07
# Y+ A' ~& k6 q9 K' {1 N引发stETH清算的原因
! T, \2 M+ y- ]1 p+ Z) B杠杆清算风险是当前引发恐慌的最大原因。
8 ~; G& ]. C/ r) ~4 G( Z' x. d前面提过,stETH是一个ERC20代币,可以在DeFi生态系统中用作抵押品,人们将stETH作为抵押品存入Aave,借入ETH,存入Lido以获取stETH,然后再重复这一过程。
+ J- y0 x% O6 \" l$ F& S3 o+ A: |因此,如果人们继续在二级市场上卖出stETH,这些杠杆头寸可能会被清算,从而导致更大的清算级联。目前较大的做市商/操纵者已经退出,但仍有一些留在这里。
. f, i+ h& ~7 o
4 o! {# `" K9 v, n8 J! _9 j: aCelsius可能会也可能不会遇到流动性问题,但他们持有大量的stETH被用作借入稳定币的抵押品。如果出售,这肯定会导致stETH的二级市场价格下降。
1 g& a+ K) ]. {8 O* K所有这一切的另一面是,无论二级市场如何评价stETH,stETH仍然被信标链上的ETH以1:1的比例支持。 ) R' {9 b/ d3 D8 U+ D/ ^
根据您的时间偏好和风险承受能力,在低价时入手stETH会提高一定的收益水平。 * p) V, h9 \$ a9 p7 \0 G
例如,如果1stETH的交易价格为0.70ETH(也就是30%的折扣),并且以太坊抵押收益率保持4%的APR。在以太坊成功合并且开放赎回功能的这两年里,你将获得38%的APR,而不是普通质押者8%的收益率(以太坊质押不会自动产生复利)。
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, c2 J& B# O q9 M3-5%的负溢价是正常的
V2 B( M/ \4 Y3 @; q5 y5 d那么,是否值得为了收益率而去冒Lido漏洞和流动性不足的风险? 3 d* d+ p- e! \* I) q. a- u g3 V e& E
不是每个人都能接受,但某些套利者一定会做。虽然清算级联很惨,stETH的二级市场价格暂时不会是1:1ETH,但这并不会导致死亡螺旋。 1 B3 h I" h5 X; @2 V( P5 j- N
我认为,等这波恐慌过去后,stETH可能仍会以低于抵押品价值的价格交易,可能是3-5%的负溢价,这在很大程度上取决于市场情绪。但无论如何,信标链将继续,DeFi会继续,Lido也会继续。 % ~8 I0 n6 E$ K ?
来源:金色财经 |
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